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A solar power system is a renewable energy solution that converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) panels. It’s widely used for off-grid, on-grid, or hybrid applications, helping reduce electricity bills and carbon emissions.
Working Principle
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Solar Panels (PV Modules) absorb sunlight and generate DC (Direct Current) electricity.
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The Inverter converts DC to AC (Alternating Current) for use in homes/offices.
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Mounting structures hold the panels in place.
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Balance of System (BOS) includes cables, junction boxes, batteries (if needed), and protection devices.
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In grid-tied systems, surplus electricity is exported to the grid; in off-grid, it is stored in batteries.
Types of Solar Systems
| Type | Description | Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| On-Grid (Grid-Tied) | Connected to utility grid. No batteries. | Homes, factories, offices in cities |
| Off-Grid | Independent system with battery backup. | Remote/rural areas with no grid |
| Hybrid | Combines on-grid + battery backup. | Critical load systems, hospitals, institutions |
| Rooftop Solar | Installed on building roofs | Residential & Commercial buildings |
| Ground-Mounted Solar | Installed on open land | Large industrial or utility-scale plants |
| Floating Solar | Installed over water bodies | Dams, lakes, large water reservoirs |
Main Components of a Solar Power System
1. Solar PV Panels
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Function: Convert sunlight into DC electricity
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Types:
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Monocrystalline – High efficiency (~20–22%)
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Polycrystalline – Lower cost, ~16–18% efficiency
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Bifacial – Captures sunlight from both sides
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Typical Ratings: 400W – 670W per panel
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Lifespan: 25+ years (Performance warranty)
2. Solar Inverter
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Function: Converts DC to AC
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Types:
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String Inverter – For homes/commercial setups
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Micro Inverter – Per-panel conversion (small systems)
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Hybrid Inverter – With battery support
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Efficiency: 95–98%
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Protection: Anti-islanding, surge protection, overvoltage, short-circuit
3. Mounting Structure
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Function: Supports solar panels securely
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Material: Galvanized Iron (GI), Aluminum
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Type:
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Fixed Tilt
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Adjustable Tilt
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Tracker (Automatic sun tracking – optional)
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Wind Load Rating: Designed for 150–180 km/h wind speeds
4. Solar Battery (Optional)
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Function: Stores solar energy for backup or night-time use
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Type:
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Lead Acid (Tubular, flooded)
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Lithium-ion (LiFePO4 – long life, compact)
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Capacity: 1 kWh to 100+ kWh (customizable)
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Cycles: 1500–6000+ cycles (depending on chemistry)
5. Charge Controller (for off-grid systems)
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Function: Manages battery charging to avoid overcharging
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Type: PWM / MPPT
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MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking): Higher efficiency
6. Balance of System (BOS)
Includes:
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DC/AC Cables
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MC4 Connectors
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Combiner Box / Junction Box
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Earthing Kit
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SPD (Surge Protection Devices)
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MCBs, MCCBs, Fuses
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Monitoring System (Wi-Fi/GPRS)
Sample Technical Specification – 10 kW On-Grid Solar System
| Item | Description |
|---|---|
| System Type | On-Grid, 3-phase |
| PV Panels | 25 × 400W Monocrystalline (Total: 10 kW) |
| Inverter | 10 kW, 3-phase, string inverter |
| Structure | GI Mounting with 15° tilt |
| Monitoring | WiFi-enabled online portal/app |
| Protection | SPD, Earthing, DC/AC isolator |
| Expected Generation | 40–45 units/day |
| Annual Yield | 14,000 – 16,000 kWh/year |
| Area Required | ~800 – 1000 sq.ft. |
| CO₂ Saving | ~12–15 tons/year |
| Lifespan | 25 years (panels), 10 years (inverter) |
System Sizing Guide (Estimates)
| Daily Usage | System Size | Panel Count (400W) | Area Needed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5–7 units/day | 2 kW | 5–6 panels | ~200 sq.ft. |
| 10–12 units/day | 3 kW | 8 panels | ~300 sq.ft. |
| 15–20 units/day | 5 kW | 12–13 panels | ~500 sq.ft. |
| 30–35 units/day | 10 kW | 25 panels | ~900 sq.ft. |
Maintenance Requirements
| Task | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Panel Cleaning | Weekly / Bi-weekly (dust-free = higher efficiency) |
| Visual Inspection | Monthly |
| Inverter Log Check | Monthly |
| Battery Maintenance (if any) | Quarterly |
| Earthing & SPD Testing | Yearly |
Key Standards & Certifications
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IEC 61215 – PV Panel Performance
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IEC 61730 – PV Panel Safety
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IEC 62109 / 61683 – Inverter safety and performance
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MNRE Approved – India-specific solar approval
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ISO 9001 / 14001 / 45001 – Quality, Environmental & Safety
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Net Metering Policy – Local electricity board approval for on-grid
Advantages of Solar Energy
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Reduce electricity bills up to 90%
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Long-term investment (payback in 3–5 years)
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Eco-friendly – zero emissions
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Low maintenance
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Increases property value
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Government subsidies available (up to 40% in many regions)
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